7-5- 



.U6 
Copy 1 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
: ; BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
SAM. L. ROGERS, Director 



CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES: 1914 



CAST-IRON PIPE 



Prepared under the supervision of W. M. STEUART, Chief Statistician for Manufactures 



CONTENTS 



Explanation of terms 

Summary and analysis 

Scope of the industry 

Comparative summary for the United States. 

Summary, by states 

Persons engaged in the indu.'^try 

Wage earners employed, by months 

Prevailing hours of labor 

Character of organization 



Page 



Summary and analysis— Continued 

Size of establishments -t 

Engines and power 6 

Fuel 6 

Special statistics relating to products 6 

Detail state tables: 

Table 12. — Cast-irun pipe— Comparative summary, by states: 

1911 and 1909 7 

Table 13.— Cast-iron pipe— Detail statistics, by states: 1914 7 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1917 



EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 



.U6 



Scope of census. — Census sf atistics of mamifactiires are compiled 
priiuivrily for the purj>o?e of allowing the al)solute and relative 
magnitude of the different Ijranches of industry covered and their 
growth or decline. Incidentally, the effort is made to present data 
throwing light upon character of ownershiji, size of establishments, 
and similar sulijects. AATien use is made of the statistics for these 
purjioses it is imperative that due attention should be given to their 
limitatioiis, particularly in connection with any attempt to derive 
from them figurea purporting to show average wages, cost of produc- 
tion, or profits. 

The census did not cover establishments which were idle during 
the entire year or whose products were valued at less than $500, or 
the manufacturing done in educational, eleemosynary, and penal 
institutions. 

Period covered. — ^The returns relate to the calendar year 1914, or 
the business year which corres])onded most nearly to that calendar 
year, and cover a year's operations, except for establishments which 
began or discontinued business during tlie year. 

The estabUshment. — As a rule, the term "establishment" repre- 
Bents a single plant or factory, Ijut in some cases it represents two or 
more plants which were operated under a common ownership or 
for which one set of books of account was kejit. If, however, the 
plants constituting an establishment as thus defined were not all 
located within the same city or state, separate rejjorta were secured 
in order that the figures for each plant might tie included in the 
Btatistics for the city or state in which it ■waslocated. 

Influence of increased prices. — In comparing figures for cost of 
materials, value of products, and value added by manufacture in 
1914 and 1909 with the corresponding figures for earlier censuses, 
account should be taken of the general increase in the ])ricos of com- 
modities during recent years. To the extent to which this factor 
has jjeen influential the figures fail to afford an exact measiu'O of the 
increase in the volume of liusiness. 

Persons engaged in the Industry.^The following general classes 
of persons engaged in the industry distinguished: (1) Proprietors 
and firm members, (2) salaried oflicers of corjwrations, (3) superin- 
tendents and managers, (4) clerks (including other subordinate 
salaried employees), and (5J wage earners. In the reports for the 
censuses of 1904 and 1899 these five classes were shown according 
to the three main groups: (1) Proprietors and firm members, (!') 
salaried officials, clerks, etc., and (3) wage earners. In conijiara- 
tive tallies covering the census of 1904 it is of course neces.sary to 
group the figures according to the classification that was employed 
at the earlier censuses. 

The number of persons engaged in the industry, distributed by 
sex, and, in the case of wage earners, also by age (whether under 
IG or 16 and over), was reported for a single representative day. 
The 15th of December was selected as representing for most estab- 
lishments normal conditions of emplojTiient, liut where this date 
was not a representative day an earlier date was chosen. 

In the case of employees other than wage'Camers the number thus 
reported for the representative date has been treated as equivalent 
to the average for the year, since the number of employees-of this 
class does not ordinarily vary much from- month to month. In 
the case of wage earners the average has been obtained in the 
manner exphiiued in the next paragraph. 

In addition to the more detailed report by sex and age of the 
number of wage earners on the representative date, a report was 
obtained of the number employed on the 15th of each month, 
without distinction of sex or age. From these figttres the average 
number of wage earners for the year has been calculated by dividing 
the sum of the numbers reported for the several months by 12. 
The average thus olitained approximates the niunbor of wage earn- 
ers that would be required to perform the work dune if all were 
constantly employed during the entire year. Accordingly, the im- 
portance of the industry as an employer of labor is believed to bo 
more accurately measured Ijy this average than by the number 
employed at any one time or on a given day. 

In order to determine as nearly as possible the sex and age dis- 
tril)ution of the average number of wage earners for the industry as 
a whole, the per cent distribution by sex and age of the wage earners 
reported for Decemlier 15, or the nearest representative day, has 
been calculated from the actual number reported for that date, tho 
percentages thus obtained have been applied to the average numl>er 
of wage earners for the year in the industry to determine the average 
number of men, women, and children employed. 

Salaries and wages. — T'ndcr these heads are given the-total pay- 
ments during the year for salaries and wages, respectively. The 
Census Bureau h;is not undertaken to calculate the average annual 
earnings of either salaried employees or wage earners. Such aver- 
ages would possess little real value, because they would be based on 
the earnings of employees of both sexes, of all ages, and of widely 
varying degrees of skill. Furthermore, so far as wage earners are 
concerned, "it would be impossible to calculate accurately even so 

(2) 



simple an average as this, since the number of wage earners fluctu- 
ates from month to month. The Census Bureau's figures for wage 
earners, as already explained, are averages based on the numljer 
employed on the 15th of each month and rejiresent the appro.xi- 
mate number who would l>e required to perform the work if all 
were continuously employed during the year, whereas the actual 
numV^er to whom the total wages were paid would be larger. 

Prevailing hours of labor.^No attempt was made to ascertain the 
number of wage earners working a given number of hours jjcr week. 
The inquiry' called merely for the prevailing practice followed in 
each establishment. Occasional variations in hours in an estab- 
lishment from one part of the year to another were disregarded, and 
no attention was paid to the fact that a limited number of wage 
earners might have hours differing from those of the majority. All 
the wage earners of each establishment are therefore counted in 
the class within which the estaljlishment itself falls. In most 
establishments, however, all or practically all the wage earners 
work the-eame niunber of hours, so that thj figures give a substan- 
tially correct representation of the hours of labor. 

Capital. — The instructions on the schedide for securing data 
relating to capital were as follows: 

Tlie answer should show the total amount o( capital, both owned and borrowed, 
onthelastdayof thebusinessyearreported. Allthe items of fixed and live capital 
may be taken at the amounts carried on the books. If land or buildings are rented 
that fact should be stated and no value given. If a part of the land or buildings 
is owned, the remainder being rented, that fact should be so stated and only the 
value of t he owned property given. Do not include securities and loans represent- 
ing investments in other enterprises. 

These instructions were identical ^-ith those employed at the 
census of 1909. The data compiled in respect to capital, however, 
at both censuses, as well as at all preceding censuses of manufactures, 
have been so defective as to be of little value except as indicating 
very general conditions. In fact, it has Ijeen repeatedly recom- 
mended by the census authorities that this inquiry Vie omitted from 
the schedule. A\1iile there are some establishments whose account- 
ing systems are such that an accurate return for capital could l)e 
made, this is not true of the great majority, and the figures therefore 
do not show tho actual amount of capital invested. 

Materials. — The statistics as to cost of materials relate to the 
materials used dtiring the year, which may be more or less than the 
materials purchased during the year. The term "materials" 
covers fuel, rent of power and heat, mill supplies, and containers, 
as well as materials which form a constituent part of the product. 

Kent and taxes. — The taxes include internal revenue, corjjora- 
tion income tax, and state, county, and local taxes. In some 
instances the amount of tho cor])oration tax for 1914 had not been 
ascertained when the report was prepared and the amount paid 
for 1913 was given. 

Value of products. — The amounts given under this heading repre- 
sent the selling value or price at the factory of all products manu- 
factured during the year, which may differ from the value of the 
products sold. 

■Value added by manufacture. — The value of products is not a 
satisfactory measure of either the'absolute or tho relal ive importance 
of a given industry, t)ecauso only a part of this value is actually 
created by tho manufacturing processes carried on in the industry 
itself. Another part, and often by far the larger one, represents 
the value of the materials used. For many luirjioses, therefore, tho 
best measure of the.imjwrtance of an indtistrj^ is the value created 
by tho manufacturing operations carried on ^\dthin the industry. 
This value is calculated liy deducting the cost of the materials used 
from tho value of the products. The figure thus obtained is termed 
in the con.sus rejiorla value added by manufacture." 

Cost of manufacture and profits. — The census data do not show 
the entire cost of manufacture, and consequently can not be used 
for the calculation of profits. No account has lieen taken of interest 
or depreciation, rent of oflices and liuildings other than factory or 
works, insurance, ordinary repairs, advertising, and other sundry 
expenses. 

Primary horsepower. — This item represents the total primary 
power generated by the manufacturing establishments plus the 
amount of power, principally electric, rented from other concerns. 
It does not cover tne power of electric motors taking their current 
from djTiamos driven by primary jjower machines operated by the 
same establishment, liecause theinclusion of such power would ob- 
viously result in duplication. The figures for primary horse])ower 
represent the rated capacity of the engines, motors, etc., and not 
the amount of power in actual daily use, since in most cases an 
engine or motor is not required- to deliver continuously its full rated 
horsepower. 

Fuel..;— Statistics of the quantity of fuel used are shown only for 
anthracite and liituminous coal, coke, oil, and gas. They relate 
to the quantity used during tho year, which may be more or loss 
than the quantity purchased. As only the princijial varieties of fuel 
are shown, no comparison can be made with the total cost of all fuel. 



9, Of D. 
DEC 22 1917 



.^ 



CAST-IRON PIPE. 



SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS. 



Scope of the industry.— Establishments engaged 
pnniarily in the manufacture of cast-iron pipe were first 
groupeci as an inchistry at the census of 1909. Prior 
thereto they wore included with those for foundry and 
machine-shop products, which comprised iron foun- 
dries, boiler shops, and machme shops in general. It 
is to a large degree a special line of manufacture. The 
products embrace cast-iron gas pipe, water pipe, cul- 
vert pipe, and soil and j)lumbers' pipe, and cast-iron 
fittnigs, comprising junctions, elbows, tees, etc. 

Comparative summary for the United States.— Table 
1 sunuuari/.es the statistics of ostabhshments engaged 
111 the manufacture of cast-iron i)ipe for 1914 and 1909, 
and gives ])crcentages of increase. 



Table I 



NUMBER OK AMOUNT. 



Numlior of ostaWislimcnts 
Pcrsoii-i .Ti!-.!.'.'.! .'.'.'!!!.'!! 

I'rci|in. '.,. ipi linn memtjcrs., 



W, 



59 
13,290 



725 



„. '■•"■dRomimiKTJ.. '..'.'.'..'" I vj vu 

Capital ; :::;:; I sofiqH^'nJn 

Safarios and wages [[[[y:.'.'.'.'/''! tm3l<° 

^^f : l.flioiwj 

w ages I 7 (171^ Q7(i 

Paid for contract work I 2 (172 

Rent luid taxes (mcluding internal revenue) ! Iti?' 226 

Cost of materials I jc lo,)' ■ , , 

Value ot products '__'_'_ j j,-,' jyg' u^ 

Value added by manufacture (value of prod- 
ucts less cost of materials) I 9 729 22-1 



12, 22s 

18. 737 

$23, 110,31.S 

7, 427, 175 

924,837 

6,502,338 

8.210 

120.900 

IS. 884. 342 

29, 153, 723 

10. 269. 381 



Per 
cent 
of in- 
crease,' 
190!»- 
1914. 



tha^lM""'' '''*^" '"■* ''''°""'"^ <i»"<'^«': peroentaKes are omitted where base is less 



"'3.'2 


11.7 


2.7 


38. 


16.7 


9.2 


12.1 


8.8 


-67.5 


38. 3 


-10.3 


-8.6 


-5.3 


less 1 



The table shows increases in all the items for the 
five-year period except amount paid for contract work, 
cost of materials, value of product, and value added by 
manufacture. The amount paid for contract work 
depends upon the methods followed and the decrease 
IS no hidication of a decrease in the magnitude of 
operations. The decreases in the other items are due 
to the depression in the cost of pig iron in 1914. In 
1909 the average price per long ton of pig iron in the 
ITnited States was $16.25, and in 1914, $13.42, result- 
ing in a marked decrease in cost of materials, with a 
less pr()i)orti()nate decrease in value of products and in 
value added. 

Summary, by states.— Table 2 simunarizes the more 
imj)()rtaiit statistics of the industry, by states, the 
states being arranged accorchng to the value of prod- 
ucts rej)orted for 1914. Virginia and Temiessee 
ranked liigher than Now York— fifth and sixth, respec- 
tively—but data for tJieso states can not be shown 
without disclosing the operations of imhvidual estab- 
lislimonts. 

More than ono-half of the cast-iron pipe manufac- 
tured in the United States in 1914 was made in New 
Jersey and Alabama. These states reported 49.2 per 
cent of the ostabhshments, 56.G per cent of the wage 
earners, ami .52.9 per cent of the value of the product^s, 
the former state producing 27.6 per cent, and the 
latter 25.3 per cent of all cast-iron pipe manufactured 
in the United States. 



New Jersey 

Alabama 

Pennsylvania. . . 

Ohio 

New York 

All other states. 



estab- 
lish- 
ments 



WAGE EA NERS. 



VALUE OF PRODDCTS. 



Per 
cent 
distri- 
bution, 




Rank, i 

Per 

\ 1 cent of 

increase, 
1914 1909 }*9- 



4.5 

28.4 

27.9 

-18.1 

-MA 

-19.3 



7, 352, 79S 
«,754,in3 
4, .WO, 718 
3,355,043 
370, 704 
4, 275, 999 



Per 
cent 
distri- 
bution 



27.6 
25.3 
17.1 
12.6 



Per 

cent of 

increase 

1909- 

1914. 



-8.1 
10.8 
28.8 
-26. 7 
-62.6 
-2S.2 



\LUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. 



$9, 729, 224 



2,569,097 
2, 846, 846 
1,255,354 
1, 292, 590 
184,313 
1,581,024 



26.4 
29.3 
12.9 
13.3 



' Percentages are based on figures in Table 1 

During the five-year period 1909-1914, of the states 
for wliich comparable data are given in the table, only 
two states show a relative gain in value of products- 
Pennsylvania, 28.8 per cent, and Alabama, 10.8 per 
cent. New Jersey, wliile still leading in production, 
shows a decrease. Measured by the average number 
of wage earners, however, the greatest increase — 28.4 
per cent— appears for Alabama, and the next greatest 
for Pennsylvania— 27.9 per cent. With the exception 

12018°— 17 



Per 

cent 
of in- 
crease, I 



19.1 

13.0 

-30. 2 

-39.3 

-19.5 



I minus sign (-) denotes decrease. 



of Pennsylvania and Ohio, the states held the same 
rank in value of products in 1914 as in 1909. Pennsyl- 
vania ranked tliird in 1914, having exchanged places 
with Ohio. 



Persons engaged in the industry.— Table 3 shows, for 
1914 and 1909, the number of persons engaged in the 
industry, distributed by sex, the average number of 
wage earners being distributed also by age. The sex 
and age classification of the average number of wage 

(3) 



MANUFACTURES. 



earners in this and other tables is an estimate ob- 
tained by the method described hi the " Explanation 
of terms." 



Table 3 


Ceu- 
year. 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 


CLASS. 


Total. 


Male. 


Fe- 
male. 


Per cent of 
total. 




Male. 


Fe- 
male. 




1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 


13,290 
12,88.3 


13,190 
12,831 


100 
52 


99.2 
99.6 


0.8 




0.4 




1S8 
192 


187 
192 


1 


99.5 


0.5 














Proprietors and firm members ... 
Salaried officers of corporations.. 
Superintendents and managers.. 


8 
7 
78 
61 
102 
124 

545 
464 

12,557 
12,227 


8 
7 

78 
61 
101 
124 

459 
424 

12,544 
12,215 


■"'i' 


100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
99.0 
100.0 

84.2 
91.4 

99.9 
99.9 


■"i.'o 


Clerks and other subordinate salaried 
employees. 

Wage earners (average number) 


86 
40 

13 
12 


15.8 
8.6 

0.1 
0.1 




12,507 

12,154 

50 

73 


12,494 

12,142 

50 

73 


13 
12 


99.9 
99.9 

ino.o 

100.0 


0.1 




0.1 







The average number of persons engaged m the 
mdustry hi 1914 was 13,290, of whom 12,557, or 94.5 
per cent were wage earners; 188, or 1.4 per cent, pro- 
prietors or officials; and 545, or 4.1 per cent, clerks 
and other subordinate salaried emjiloyees. Of the 
total number of persons engaged in the industry, 99.2 
per cent were males. Less than 1 per cent of the 
total number were mider 16 years of age. 

Wage earners employed, by months. — The following 
table gives, for the industry, the total number of 



wage earners employed on the 15th of each month, 
or the nearest representative day, for the yeare 1914 
and 1909, together with the percentage which the num- 
ber reported for each month forms of the greatest 
number reported for any month. 



Table 4 


WAGE EARNERS IN THE INDUSTRY. 


MONTH. 


Number. 


Per cent of max- 
imum. 




1914 


1909 


1914 


1909 




11,816 
12,672 
13,193 
12,701 
12,613 
12,849 
13,221 
13,427 
13,211 
12,555 
11,336 
11,190 


11,113 
11,147 
11,502 
11,743 
11,778 
12,310 
12,301 
12,722 
12,958 
12,997 
13,174 
13,000 


88.0 
93.6 
98.3 
94.6 
93.9 
9.5.7 
98.5 
100.0 
98.4 
9.3.5 
84. 4 
83.3 


84.4 




M.6 




87.3 




89.1 




89.4 




93.4 


Julv 


93.4 




96.6 




98.4 




98.7 




100.0 




98.7 







In 1914 the maximum number employed was 13,427 
m August, but in 1909, November, with 13,174, was 
the month of maximum employment. The minimum 
number was employed in December in 1914 and in 
January in 1909. The degree of fluctuation in em- 
ployment was substantially the same in each year, the 
percentage, which the minimum number employed 
represented of the maximum, bcmg 84.4 per cent in 
1909 and 83.3 in 1914. 

Table 5 gives the total average number of wage 
earners employed during 1914, together with the total 
number employed on the 15th of each month, or the 
nearest representative day, for each state in which 
the average number of wage earners was 500 or more 
in 1914. 



Table 5 


WAGE earners: lOU. 
[Month of ma.\imum employment for each state is indicated by boldface figiu-es and that of minimum by italic figures.] 


STATE. 


.\ver- 

age 

number 

em- 
ployed 
during 
year. 




Number employed 


on 15th day of the month or nearest representative day. 


Per 
cent 




Jan- 
uary. 


Feb- 
ruary. 


March. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


August. 


Sep- 
tember. 


Oc- 
tober. 


No- 
vember. 


De- 
cember. 


mmi- 
mum 
IS of 
maxi- 
mum. 




12,557 


11,816 


12, 572 


13, 193 


12,701 


12,613 


12, 849 


13,221 


13,427 


13,311 


12,655 


11,336 


11,190 


83.3 








3,696 
3,421 
1,417 
1,835 


S,i91 
3,399 
1,240 
1,692 


3,740 
3,368 
1,677 
1,739 


3,947 
3,501 
1,646 
1,857 


3,545 
3,572 
1,425 
1,842 


3,553 
3,580 
1,.3S0 
1,807 


3.6S0 
3,541 
1,378 
1,892 


3,811 
3,585 
1,479 
1,992 


3,993 

3,538 
1. 464 
1,986 


3,7,S0 
3,484 
1,495 
1,959 


3,626 
3,366 
1,487 
1,978 


3,638 
e,99i 
1,378 
1,609 


3,548 
3,126 
1,165 
1,667 


.87.4 




83.5 




73.9 




80.8 







August was the month of maximum employment 
in Alabama, July in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 
and Fel)ruarv in Ohio. 

Prevailing hours of labor. — In Table 6 the average 
number of wage earners reported for 1914 and 1909 
for the industry has been classified according to the 
number of hours of labor per week prevailing m the 
establishments m which they were em]iloyed. The 
number employed in each establishment is classified 
as a total, even though a few employees worked a 
greater or less number of hours. 

In 1914, 64.2 per cent of the wage earners employed 
in the industry were in establishments where the pre- 



vailing hours were 60 per week, as compared with 76 
per cent in 1909, and 34.5 per cent of the wage earners 
were employed in establishments where the prevailing 
hours were 54 but less than 60 hours per week, as 
compared with 20.9 per cent in 1909, showmg a drift 
toward a shorter workhig day. The table shows the 
largest numbers in the class "00 hours" per week for 
both 1909 and 1914 for all the states with the exception 
of New Jersey m 1914, which shows the largest num- 
ber — 62 per cent of the total — employed between 54 
and 60 hours per week. Tliere were no establish- 
ments in 1914 or 1909 where the prevaihng hours of 
labor were more than 60 hours per week or between 



CAST-IRON PIPE. 



48 and 54 hours ])cr week, and in 1014 but 1.4 per cent 
of the total were em])loyed in establishments where 
the prevailing ham's were 48 and under per week, as 
compared with 3.1 per cent in 1909. 



Table 6 


Ccn- 
year. 


AVZR. 


OE NUMBER OF WAGE E.\RNERS. 


STATE. 


Total. 


lu establishments where the 
prevailing hours of labor per 




48 
and 

dfr. 


Be- 
tween 

*^ 
and 

51. 


54. 


Be- 
tween 
.54 
and 

60. 


60. 




l'J» 

11)1)9 

1911 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 


12,557 
12,228 


171 
378 


..'.'.'.'. 


1,303 
1,425 


3,026 
1,131 






9,294 




3,696 
2,878 

.3,421 
3,275 

1,417 
1,730 

1,835 
1,435 


113 




795 
660 

100 
189 

303 


802 

1,875 
99S 

'"'is' 

194 
35 






2,218 














2,088 




68 
378 


.... 


















1 








. 





Character of organization. — The statistics concern- 
ing the charact(^r of ownership for this industry 
show that the majority of establishments are owned 
by corporations. The average number of wage 
earners employed by this class of establishments repre- 
sented 97.7 per cent of the total number, while the 
value of products rejiresented 97.4 per cent of the total 
for the industry. 

Size of establishments. — Table 7 gives, for 1914 and 
1909, the number of establishments, average number 
of wage earners, value of products, and value added 
by manufacture, with per cent distribution for estab- 
lishments groujied accortlhig to the value of their 
l)roducts. 

The^statistics for 1914 in comparison with 1909 show 
a marked decrease hi the number of establishments 
with products valued at $1,000,000 and over, as well 
as hi the number of wage camel's and value of products 
reported by such establishments. These establish- 
ments reported 38.4 per cent of the total wage earners 
and 44. ;3 per cent of the total value of products for 



1914, as compared with 58.1 per cent of the wage earn- 
ers and 61.6 per cent of the value of product.-^ for 1909. 
As a rule the tendency of industrial enterprises is to 
become concentrated in large establishments, but ui 
the present case the decrease in the largest group is 
presumably due, m part at least, to the general de- 
pression in the iron and steel industries in 1914 on ac- 
comit of the European war, the big plants respondhig 
to trade conditions more quickly than the smaller 
ones. The production of cast-h'on pipe and fittings 
in 1913, accordhig to the annual statistical report of 
the American Iron and Steel Listitute, exceeded that 
of 1914 by 105,465 tons. The greatest mcreases ap- 
pear for establishments with products valued at 
$100,000 to $1,000,000. In this group the establish- 
ments mcreased from 28 m 1909 to 37 in 1914 and re- 
ported 57.3 per cent of the wage camel's and 52.6 per 
cent of the value of products, as compared with 39.4 
per cent and 36.5 per cent, respectively, reported for 
1909. 



Tabic 7 

VALUE OF PKOPUCT. 


year. 


Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


.\verage 
number 
of wage 
earners. 


Value of 
products. 


^'aIue 
added liv 
manufac- 
ture. 


Allolasses .... 


1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 

19U9 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 

19U9 


59 
52 


12.5.57 
12,228 


$26,6.59,365 
29,153,723 


$9, 729, 224 
10,269,381 






1 14 

'- 11 

37 

28 

8 
13 


550 
304 

7,190 
4,815 

4,817 
7, 109 


829,449 
540,922 

14.027,571 
10,641,104 

11,802,345 
17,971,697 


398,656 
246,769 




$1,000,000 and over 


3,920,505 

3.M5,775 
6,102,047 




Per cent distribution: 

Less than $100,000 

$100,000 to $1,000,000 

$1,000,000 and over 


23.7 
21.2 

02. 7 
53.8 

13.6 
25.0 


4.4 
2.5 

57.3 
39.4 

3S.4 
58.1 


3.1 
1.9 

52.6 
36.5 

44.3 
61.6 


4.1 
2.4 

58.4 
38.2 

.37.5 
59.4 



' Includes one establishment with products valued at less than $5,000 and two 
establishments each with products valued from $5,000 to $20,000. 

- Includes one estahhshment with products valued at less than $5,000 and one 
estaDlishment with products valued from $5,000 to $20,000. 

Table 8 shows the size of establishments in 1914 and 
1909, as measured by the number of wage earners em- 
ployed, for the industry as a whole and for four leading 

states. 



Table 8 


Census 
year. 


TOTAL. 


ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLO^TNG — 


STATE. 


1 to 5 wage 
earners. 


6 to 20 wage 


21 to 50 wage 
earners. 


51 to 100 wage 


101 to 250 wage 
earners. 


251 to 500 wage 
earners. 


Over 600 wage 
earners. 




Es- 

tab- 

Ush- 

ments. 


Wage 
earners 
(average 
number). 


Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments . 


Wage 
earn- 
ers. 


Es- 

tat>- 

lish- 

meuts. 


Wage 
earners. 


Es- 

tab- 

hsh- 

ments. 


Wage 
earners. 


Es- 

tab- 

hsh- 

meuts. 


Wage 
earners. 


Es- 
tab- 
lish- 

ments. 


Wage 
earners. 


Es- 

tab- 

lish- 

ments. 


Wage 
earners. 


Es- 

tab- 

Ush- 

ments. 


Wage 
earners. 


United States 


1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 

1909 


59 
52 


12, .5.57 
12, 228 


2 
2 


3 


3 
3 


39 
47 


4 
4 


132 
142 


12 
10 


984 
7.86 


IS 
15 


2,589 
2,391 


14 
13 


4,825 
5,403 


6 
5 


3,980 
3,456 




20 
14 

9 

8 

8 
7 

7 
5 


3,696 
2,878 

3,421 
3,275 

1.417 
1,730 

1,.S35 
1,435 


1 


4 


2 


31 


1 
2 


35 

74 


3 
3 

1 
1 

2 


237 
244 

100 
67 

140 


8 

3 
3 

1 
2 

2 


1,149 
705 

516 
454 

115 
338 

231 


3 

4 

3 
1 

2 

2 


988 
1,865 

1,206 
470 

538 
730 

862 
894 


2 


1,252 
















2 
3 

1 
1 


1,599 
















2,294 








1 


8 
35 


1 


36 


580 








627 












2 


193 


549 




' 


1 






1 


35 


1 535 








1 











MANUFACTURES. 



Of the 59 establishments reported in 1914, 21 
employed from 1 to 100 wage earners; 18 employed 
from 101 to 250 wage earners; and 20 employed over 
250. There were only 6 establishments that em- 
ployed more than 500 wage earners, and none with 
more than 1,000. In this industry there was no 
establislmient reported without wage earners. 

Of the total number of wage earners, 9.3 per cent 
in 1914 and 8 per cent in 1909 were reported by 
establishments employing from 1 to 100; 20.6 per 
cent in 1914 and 19.6 per cent in 1909, by establish- 
ments employing from 101 to 250; and 70.1 per cent 
in 1914 and 72.4 per cent in 1909, by establishments 
employing more than 250 wage earners. 

Engines and power. — Table 9 shows, for 1914 and 
1909, for the industry, the number and horsepower 
of engines or motors employed in generating power 



Table 9 


NUMBER OF 


HORSEPOWER. 


POWER. 


OR MOTORS. 


Amount. 


Per cent 
distribution. 




1914 


1909 


1914 


1909 


1914 


1909 




589 


354 


25,854 


18,737 


100.0 










145 

135 

8 

2 

444 


162 

150 

11 

1 

192 


17, 666 

15,966 

1,500 

200 

8,198 


15,950 

14,385 

1,505 

60 

2,787 

19, 333 

2,787 
16,546 


68.3 
61.7 
5.8 
0.8 

31.7 






76.8 




8.0 


Water wheels, tirrbines, and motors . . 


0.3 
14.9 






Electric 


1,616 

444 

1,172 


1,189 
192 
997 


28,518 
8,198 
20,320 


100.0 
28.7 
71.3 


100.0 






Generated by establishments reporting . 


85.6 



(including electric motors operated by purchased 
current). It also shows separately the number and 
horsepower of electric motors operated by current 
generated in the establishments reporting. 

The total primary horsepower used in this industry 
mcreased 38 per cent between 1909 and 1914. The 
total horsepower of electric motors reported in 1914 
amounted to 28,518, nearly three-fourths of which 
represented power of motors run by current generated 
in the establishments reporting. However, the rate 
of increase for power of this class has not been as 
rapid as that of the power of motors which are run 
by rented current. 

Fuel. — Table 10 shows, for 1914, the quantity and 
kind of fuel used for which data were obtained for 
the industry as a whole and for four separate states. 



Table 10 


COAL. 


Coke 
(tons, 
2,000 
lbs.). 


Oil, in- 
clud- 
ing pas- 

( bar- 
rels). 




STATE. 


Anthrax 
cite 
(tons, 
2,240 
lbs.). 


Bitumi. 

nous 

(tons, 

2,000lbs.). 


Gas 
(1,000 
cubic 
feet). 




45,663 


99.991 


248,305 


2,036 


163,833 








25,382 
17,539 
23,413 
16, 424 
17,233 


88, 6K4 
46, 146 
34,806 
38,294 
40,375 


1,067 
692 

■■"270' 

7 






30,094 

10 

15,416 

143 





















Coke is the principal fuel used in this industry, it 
being used m the cupola furnaces for melting the iron. 
It constituted three-fifths of the solid fuels. 



SPECIAL STATISTICS RELATING TO PRODUCTS. 

table shows, by states, the quantity I 1914. The quantities are reported in not tons (2,000 



The followiU; 
and value of cast-iron pipe and fittings reported for 



poimds). 



Table 1 1 


UNITED STATES. 


! 

ALABAMA. 


NEW JERSEY. 


NEW YORK. 


OHIO. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


ALL OTHER 
STATES.' 


PRODUCT. 


Tons 

(2.000 

poimds). 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Total value 




2?26,659,365 




$6, 754, 103 




S7. 352, 798 




$370, 704 




83,355,043 




84,550,718 




$4,275,999 




1,079,584 
1,066,003 
S.SO,43,S 
807,306 
21,980 
10,952 
40,200 

185,565 
13,581 


25,217,687 
24,535,950 
19,035.754 
16,126,690 
653,871 
245,452 
2,109,741 

5,500,196 
681,737 

1,441,678 


267, 292 

264,411 

186,415 

170,515 

8,051 

2,980 

4,869 

77,996 
2,881 


6,747,549 
6,630,928 
4,469,284 
3,945,013 

176,685 
83.651 

263,935 

2,161,644 
116,621 

6,554 


265,443 
263,915 
215,481 
193, 454 
8,918 
2,139 
10,970 

48, 434 
1,528 


6,400,270 
6,338,567 
4,689,296 
3, 828, 131 

236,590 
41, 499 

583,076 

1,649,271 
61, 703 

952,528 


11,862 

11,772 

876 


370, 680 
365,360 
43,835 


155,061 

152,944 

150,863 

136,816 

3,574 

1.476 

8,998 

2,081 
2,117 


3.229,610 
3,100,646 
3,019,857 
2,366,499 

103.537 
37,9.80 

521,841 

80,789 
128,904 

125, 433 


209,701 

208,604 

191,179 

180,994 

867 

704 

8,614 

17,425 
1,097 


4,550,718 

4, 479, 442 

3.977,619 

3,521,563 

22,185 

12,904 

420,967 

501,823 
71,276 


170, 225 

164, 357 

135,624 

125,527 

570 

3,654 

5,873 

28, 733 
5,868 


3,918,860 
3,621,007 
2,835,863 


Cast-iron pipe and littlngs 

Gas and water pipe 

Bell-and-spigot pipe. . . 














69] 418 
276,087 

785, 144 




876 

10,896 
90 


43,835 

321,525 
5,320 

24 


Soil and plumbers* pipe 





















> All other states embrace: Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, North Carolina 
3 Does not include 54,718 tons of cast-iron pipe and fittings, valued at $1,443,242, 

The leading states on a tomiage basis are Alabama, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, in the order 
named, and these states produced more than four- 
fifths of the tonnage. The bulk of the product is 
what is known as beU-and-spigot pipe, made with a 
beU socket at one end, and the other adapted to fit 
into the bell of a contiguous section. 

In addition to the pipe made by the estabEshments 



, Oregon, Tennessee, and Virginia. 

made by nine establishments engaged primarily in other lines of manufacture. 

constituting the classified industry, there were 54,718 
tons of cast-iron pipe and fittings, valued at .11,443,242, 
made as subsidiary products by establishments in 
other industries. This comprises 26,087 tons of soil 
and plumbers' pipe and fittings, valued at $673,512; 
21,599 tons of gas and water, and beU-and-spigot 
pipe, valued at $542,843; and 7,032 tons of other gas 
and water pipe and fittings, valued at $226,887. 



CAST-IRON PIPE. 



DETAIL STATE TABLES. 



The principal data secured by the census uiquu-y 
coucemmg cast-iron pipe, other than those relating 
to quantity and value of specific j^roducts, are pre- 
sented, by states, in Tables 12 and 13. 

Table 12 shows, for 1914 and 1909, by states, the 



numb(a' of establishments, average number of wage 
earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of mate- 
rials, and value of products for the mdustry. Table 
13 gives for 1914 more detailed statistics of the 
uidustry, by states. 



Tahle 12.— CAST-IRON PIPE— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES: 1914 AND 1909. 



STATE. 


Cen- 
yoar. 


z 


WaRe 

(aver- 

num- 
ber). 


Pri- 
mary 
horse- 
power. 


Wages. 


Cost ol 
mate- 
rials. 


Value 
of prod- 
ucts. 


STATE. 


Ccn- 
year. 




Wage 
earners 
(aver- 
age 
num- 
ber). 


Pri- 
mary 
horse 
power. 


Wages. 


Cost of 
mate- 
rials. 


Value 
of prod- 
ucts. 




Expressed in thousands. 


Expressed in thousands. 




1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 


59 
62 

~20" 
14 

9 

8 

3 

4 


12, 557 
12,228 


2,5, 864 
18, 737 


S7,076 
6,502 


$16,930 
IS, 884 


S26,fi59 
29, 154 


Ohio 


1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

19U 

1909 


s 

7 
5 

12 
14 


1,417 
1,730 

1,8.35 
1,435 

1,975 
2,446 


7,387 
3,168 

4,062 
2, .531 

3,207 
3,:U9 


S.88 
900 

1,029 
711 

990 
1,279 


2,063 
2,722 

3,295 
2,423 

2,095 
3,991 


3, .3.55 






4,575 




3,695 
2,878 

3,421 
3.275 

21.-i 
41J4 


6, 130 
4,632 

4, 785 
4,035 

293 

1,052 


2,054 
1,393 

1,991 
1,951 

124 

268 


3,907 
3,706 

4, 784 
5,355 

186 

687 


6,754 
6,097 

7,353 
8,003 

370 
990 


4,. 551 






3,534 
4 276 






5,955 







Table 13 CAST-IRON PIPE— DETAIL STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1914. 





Nimi- 
ber 
of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDU.STEY. 


WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15 OK 
NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE 


Capital. 


EXPENSES. 




Total. 


Pro- 
prie- 
tors 
and 
firm 
mem- 
bers. 


Sala- 
ried 
offi- 
cers, 
su- 
perin- 
tend- 
cnts, 
and 
man- 
agers. 


Clerks, etc. 


Wage earners. 


Total. 


16 and o\cr. 


Un- 
deria. 


Salaries and wages. 




Male. 


Fe- 
male. 


Aver- 
age 

bcr. 


Number, 15th day of— 


Male. 


Fe- 
male. 


Male. 


Omcials. 






Maximum 
mouth. 


Minimum 
montli. 


Clerks, 


United State? 

Alabama 

New Jersey 

New York 


59 


13,290 


8 


180 


459 


86 


12, 557 


Au 13,427 


De 11,190 


13,099 


13,0.33 


14 


50 


826,981,070 


$501.0,56 


$.535,353 


20 
9 
3 
8 
7 

12 


3,876 
3,636 
224 
1,5.32 
1,945 
2,077 


5 

3 


53 
26 
5 
29 
27 
40 


111 
163 
4 
69 
64 
48 


11 

23 
2 
17 
19 
14 


3,696 
3,421 
213 
1,417 
1,835 
1,975 


Au 3.993 
JV 3, 585 
Mh 233 
Fe 1,577 
Jy 1,992 


Ja 3,491 
No 2,994 
No 196 
De 1,165 
No 1,609 


4,039 
3, 438 
198 
1.473 
1,789 
2,162 


4,000 
3,427 
198 
1,470 
1,779 
2,161 


""e' 


39 
5 


5,384,349 
7,508,602 
401,228 
4,266,729 
5,241,345 
4,178,817 


135,972 
112.799 
7,064 
62, 501 
85,959 
96,761 


141,170 
174, 854 


Ohio 

Pennsylvania 


3 
4 

1 


" 'e' 


79,635 
76,7,86 
57,066 











EXPENSES— continued. 


Value of 
products. 


Value 
added by 
manu- 
facture. 


POWER. 




Salaries 
and wages — 
Continued. 


For 

tract 
work 


Rent and taxes. 


For materials. 


Primary horsepower. 


Elec- 
tric 


STATE. 


Wage 
earners. 


Rent 

of 

factory. 


Taxes, 
includ- 
ing in- 
ternal 

and cor- 
poration 
income. 


Principal 
materials. 


Fuel and 
rent of 
power. 


Total. 


Steam 
gines. 


In- 
tcrnal- 
com- 

bus- 

tion 

en- 
gines. 


Water 
wheels 
and 
mo- 
tors. 


Elec- 
tric 

(rent- 
ed). 


power 
gener- 
ated in 
estab- 
lish- 
ments 
report- 
ing. 


United states 


$7,075,976 


S2,672 


$7,363 


$1,59,863 


$15,583,909 


$1,346,232 


$26,659,365 


$9,729,224 


25,864 


15,966 


1,500 


200 


8,198 


20, 320 




2, 054, 338 

1,991,079 

124, 117 

888,209 

1,028,490 

989,743 




120 


37,344 
42,672 
2,198 
27,727 
2,5,316 
24,606 


3,677,308 
4, 379, .831 
168,801 
1,875,960 
3,0,84,740 
2,497,269 


329, 949 
403,870 
17,590 
186, 493 
210,624 
197, 706 


6,754,103 
7,3.52,798 
370, 704 
3, 3:55, 043 
4, ,5,50, 718 
4,275,999 


2,846,846 
2, 569, 097 
184,313 
1, 292, .590 
1,2,55,354 
1, 581, 024 


6, 130 
4,7.85 
293 
7,387 
4,062 
3,207 


3,920 
3,155 
90 
5,000 
1.866 
1,935 


30 
1,450 




2,180 
180 
203 
2, 367 
2,196 
1,072 


3,954 




New York 


226 








20 




5,021 




' '2,' 446' 


2, 900 
4,353 






200 









1 AU other states embrace: Georgia, 1 establishment; Indiana, 2; Illinois, 1; Maryland, 1; North Carolina, 1; Oregon, 1; Tennessee. 2; Virginia, 3. 



o 



003 300 051 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

IIIIIII 

003 300 0510 



Hollingpr 

pH 8.5 
IVnU Run F03-2474 



